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عمران::
لایهی رسی
4 To forestall the upheaval failure: As shown in Figure 9.3, there exists a perme- able layer (such as sand or gravel) underlying the clayey layer.
The water pressure from the permeable layer will generate an upheaving force against the clayey layer.
water pressure acting on the bottom of the clayey layer is larger than the total weights of the clayey layers, upheaval failure will occur.
Though pumping does not cause the groundwater level in the impermeable layer to decline, it causes the decline of the piezometric level in the confined aquifer and the increase of effective stress in the clayey layer.
Above the aquifer is a 9 m thick clayey layer.
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